Were The Gracchi Demagogues Or Heroes - 1588 Words

Were the Gracchi demagogues or heroes? This essay will attempt to explain the motives that have led to the rise and fall of the brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus in the late second century B.C. Although very few sources remain of these accounts, which are based mainly on works of the historians Appian and Plutarch, the Gracchi have been the subject of study by several scholars. If on the one hand earlier historians tend to represent them as heroes and revolutionaries, on the other, more recent ones have regarded them as two controversial figures which were politically motivated by personal gains. They proposed and passed a series of legislations and the most controversial one is the agrarian law about the redistribution of the land. It can be argued that their motives have been certainly and thoroughly selfless for the good of the people of Rome in the specific period of history which spans from 133 B.C to 121 B.C. On the contrary, as it will be explained below, their methods have not always been ‘orthodoxâ€℠¢. There could be three main areas that will help this essay to conclude if they were truly heroes of the people or political opportunists; the first is to evaluate what their true motives were, the second is to assess if there was an agrarian crisis and the third to establish who the beneficiaries of their legislations were. Overall, as all political figures, the Gracchi have to be taken in the context of the specific roman society of their time. Appian of Alexandria

Field Study At Alcoholics Anonymous Essay - 1065 Words

Field Study At Alcoholics Anonymous On Wednesday March 15 and 22 I attended meetings of the Serentiy Group, a local meeting group of Alcoholics Anonymous that were held at the Congregational Church in East Bridgewater. The meetings started around 8:00 pm and went until each member was given the opportunity to speak, or to share their feelings in some way. There was a total of 15 people present, including myself and my companion. The group was primarily made up of males, there was one female aside from my companion and I. The age of the group members was pretty much middle age (late 30s to 50s). Before attending the meeting I was very apprehensive about going, for many reasons. The main one was that I did not know†¦show more content†¦Once I met these people and began conversing with them I knew I was wrong. I think that I felt this way because of the negative stereotypes that are attached to being a drunk, and not what the positive effects of a group such as Alcoholics Anonymous could be. In this small group of individuals I found somewhat of a family structure. These people cared not only about themselves, but each other as well. They all shared their addiction to alcohol, which brought them together. The outlook and attitude of these people was very optimistic. This surprised me considerably because I had expected the meeting to be full of negativity and pessimism. The warm welcome that this group gave me showed me how much that they do care and how willing they are to help others afflicted with alcoholism. The one thing about this group that surprised me the most was how openly they referred to themselves as drunks. I had always thought that it would be an insult or degrading to a recovering alcoholic to call them a drunk. I realized that I was wrong. 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The presence of comorbid disorders can severely affect the treatment and outcome of individuals (Terra et al., 2006). Many studies have found that clients with a dual diagnosis experience increased rates of hospitalization and increased use of emergency services (Helzer Pryzbeck, 1998). It is easy to imagine how hospitalization can interrupt treatment by making it difficultyRead MoreThe Who, What, and Why of Substance Abuse Essay666 Words   |  3 Pagesare very important, not only in the mental health field, but in society as well. There are many options when it comes to recovery, for example it provides addicts a way to get moral support and sober-living help from others that are suffering from the same neuro-disease. One of the most important of recovery is support groups and meetings, which are set up nationwide. Two of the most popular groups are Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA). These groups branch out and offer different

Air Pollutin In Bratislava Essay Example For Students

Air Pollutin In Bratislava Essay SLOVAKIAName of Ministry/Office: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Slovak Republic, Department of International Economic Cooperation Date: 7 January, 1997 Economic Cooperation Dr. Jan Varso, Charg? d Affaires Mailing address: Stromov? 1, 833, 36 Bratislava, Slovakia Telephone: 42-7-3704 214 Telefax: 42-7-372 326 Note from the Secretariat: An effort has been made to present all country profiles within a common format, with an equal number of pages. However, where Governments have not provided information for the tables appended to Chapters 4 and 17, those tables have been omitted entirely in order to reduce the overall length of the profile and save paper. Consequently, there may be some minor inconsistencies among the formats of the different country profiles. All statistics are rendered as provided by the respective Governments. TABLE OF CONTENTSACRONYMS OVERVIEW FACT SHEET AGENDA 21 CHAPTERS 2. International cooperation to accelerate sustainable development in developing countries and related domestic policies 3. Combating poverty 4. Changing consumption patterns 5. Demographic dynamics and sustainability 6. Protecting and promoting human health 7. Promoting sustainable human settlement development 8. Integrating environment and development in decision-making 9. Protection of the atmosphere 10. Integrated approach to the planning and management of land resources 11. Combating deforestation 12. Managing fragile ecosystems: combating desertification and drought 13. Managing fragile ecosystems: sustainable mountain development 14. Promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development 15. Conservation of biological diversity 16. Environmentally sound management of biotechnology 17. Protection of the oceans, all kinds of seas, including enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, and coastal areas and the protection, rational use and development of their living resources 18. Protection of the quality and supply of freshwater resources: application of integrated approaches to the development, management and use of water resources 19. Environmentally sound management of toxic chemicals, including prevention of illegal international traffic in toxic and dangerous products 20. Environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes, including prevention of illegal international traffic in hazardous wastes 21. Environmentally sound management of solid wastes and sewage-related issues 22. Safe and environmentally sound management of radioactive wastes 23-32. Major groups 33. Financial resources and mechanisms 34. Transfer of environmentally sound technology, cooperation and capacity-building 35. Science for sustainable development 36. Promoting education, public awareness and training 37. National mechanisms and international cooperation for capacity-building in developing countries 38. International institutional arrangements 39. International legal instruments and mechanisms 40. Information for decision-makingACRONYMSAPELL Awareness and Preparedness for Em ergencies at Local Level CFC chlorofluorocarbon CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research CILSS Permanent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel EEZ exclusive economic zone ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ELCI Environmental Liaison Centre International EMINWA environmentally sound management of inland water ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GAW Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO) GEF Global Environment Facility GEMS Global Environmental Monitoring System (UNEP) GEMS/WATER Global Water Quality Monitoring Programme GESAMP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution GIPME Global Investigation of Pollution in Marine Environment (UNESCO) GIS Geographica l Information System GLOBE Global Legislators Organisation for a Balanced Environment GOS Global Observing System (WMO/WWW) GRID Global Resource Information Database GSP generalized system of preferences HIV human immunodeficiency virus IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IAP-WASAD International Action Programme on Water and Sustainable Agricultural Development IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer IBSRAM International Board of Soil Resources and Management ICCA International Council of Chemical Associations ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ICPIC International Cleaner Production Information Clearing House ICSC International Civil Service Commission ICSU International Council of Scientific Unions IEEA Integrated environmental and economic accounting IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IGADD Intergovernmental Authority for Drought and Development IGBP International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (ICSU) IGBP/START International Ge osphere-Biosphere Programme/Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training ILO International Labour Organisation IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization INFOTERRA International Environment Information system (UNEP) IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety IPM integrated pest management IRPTC International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals ITC International Tin Council ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PGRFA plant genetic resources for agriculture PIC prior informed consent procedure SADCC South African Development Co-ordination Conference SARD sustainable agriculture and rural development UNCTAD United Nations Conferen ce on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDRO Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNU United Nations University WCP World Climate Programme (WMO/UNEP/ICSU/UNESCO) WFC World Food Council WHO World Health Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WWF World Wide Fund for Nature (also called World Wildlife Fund) WWW World Weather Watch (WMO)OVERVIEW(You may wish to use pages v and vi to briefly present your national position five years after UNCED)UNCSD NATIONAL LEVEL COORDINATION STRUCTURE OF AGENDA 21 ACTIONS(Fact Sheet)SLOVAKIA1. Key National Sustainable Development Coordination Mechanism(s)/Council(s). In September 1993, the National Committee for Sustainable Development was establi shed. Contact point (Name, Title, Office): Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Slovak Republic Department of International Economic Cooperation Telephone: 42-7-3704 214 Fax: 42-7-372 326 Mailing address: Stromov? 1, 833, 36 Bratislava, Slovakia 2. Membership/Composition/Chairperson 2a. List of ministries and agencies involved: Ministries of: Environment; Agriculture; Education and Science; Universities; NGOs; Research Institutes. 2b. Names of para-statal bodies and institutions involved, as well as participation of academic and private sectors: Same as 2a. 2c. Names of non-governmental organizations: 3. Mandate role of above mechanism/council: 4. If available, attach a diagram (organization chart) showing national coordination structure and linkages between ministries: Submitted by (Name): Ing. Dusan Bella Dr. Jan Varso Signature: Signed. Title: Director of Department of International Economic Cooperation, Charg? d Affairs Date: 1997 Ministry/Office: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of th e Slovak Republic Telephone: 42-7-3704 214 Fax: 42-7-372 326 AGENDA 21 CHAPTER 2:INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO ACCELERATE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND RELATED DOMESTIC POLICIES (with special emphasis on TRADE) NATIONAL PRIORITY: STATUS REPORT: The Slovak Government believes that the integration of the country into European political and economic structures is a prerequisite for ensuring the democratic development of society and the countrys economic prosperity. 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Music In Middle Ages Essays - Medieval Music, Chants, Catholic Music

Music In Middle Ages The middle ages, (450- 1450), after the Roman empire fell this was a time of great change through chaos. The later part of the middle ages brought a period of growth with religious structures and universities. Most of society in the beginning of this era was influenced by the Roman Catholic church. During the middle ages the Roman Catholic church's official music was the Gregorian chant, named after Pope Gregory I. This music was sung without instruments, set to sacred Latin texts. It was without meter, and a little sense of beat. The sound of this chant resulted in the unfamiliar scale also called, church mode. Music outside the church also greatly attributed to this era. These songs were usually preformed on court minstrels. Most of these compositions were about love, the crusades, dance songs, and spinning songs. Most of these songs had a regular meter and a clearly defined beat, unlike the Gregorian chant. In the middle ages music was mostly monophonic, however, between 700- 900 the first steps were taken to transform music. Monks in monastery choirs began to add a second melodic line to the Gregorian chant. This music was called organum. Between 900- 1200, organum became polyphonic, and the melody added to the chant became more independent. From about 1170- 1200, Notre Dame composers developed rhythmic innovations. They used measured rhythm with definite time and clearly defined meters. A chant used as a basis for polyphony is known as a cantus firmus (fixed melody). Near the end of this era, the church weakened after many suffrages, such as The Hundred Year War and the Bubonic plague. In this time secular music held more importance than sacred music. A new system of musical notations had emerged, and a composer could specify any rhythmic pattern. Now beats could be divided and sometimes use syncopation. The middle ages are not all that different from any other era. As in each era music has often been representative of society and the times.